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<text id=93CT1834>
<link 90TT1417>
<link 90TT0044>
<link 90TT0013>
<title>
Romania--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Europe
Romania
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> For 22 centuries, Romania's history has been violent and
dramatic. From about 200 B.C., when it was first colonized by
the Dacians (a Thracian tribe), to modern times, this territory
has seen many invasions and migrations that have left their
mark on the country and its inhabitants.
</p>
<p> Before the postwar communist regime, Romania looked to the
West, particularly France, for cultural, educational,
scientific, and social inspiration and development. Among the
Balkan countries, Romania was considered the most Gallicized;
the French language, along with Romanian, was compulsory in the
schools. Beginning in 1948, the Russian language and Soviet
institutions were officially promoted in an effort to supplant
Western influences in Romanian cultural life. Since the late
1960s, however, Russian has not been compulsory, and German,
French, and English are widely taught.
</p>
<p> Romania was an independent kingdom from 1881 until December
30, 1947, when the communist-dominated government forced the
abdication of King Michael. Before 1938, Romania had a series of
governments dominated by a landowning aristocracy, based only
nominally on a liberal constitutional system, with a de facto
limitation of suffrage. The Social Democratic Party, which
controlled the small labor movement, was tolerated by the
monarchy but never enjoyed political power. In the 1930s, an
anti-Semitic, anti-Soviet, fascist Iron Guard movement
threatened the government. In 1940-41, the authoritarian
General Antonescu took control of the government and outlawed
the Iron Guard. Romania entered World War II on the side of the
Axis Powers in June 1941, largely to recover Bessarabia and
Bukovina, which had been taken by the Soviet Union in 1940.
</p>
<p> A coup led by King Michael and organized by opposition
politicians and Soviet intelligence agents, with support of the
army, deposed the Antonescu dictatorship on August 23, 1944 (now
Romania's national holiday). An armistice, secretly negotiated
at Cairo, was signed September 12 and brought Romanian forces
into the war on the side of the Allies against the Germans in
Transylvania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Romania, which had
suffered extensive losses in the fighting against the Soviet
Union, incurred additional heavy casualties.
</p>
<p> The peace treaty, signed at Paris on February 10, 1947,
confirmed the Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern
Bukovina and ceded a largely Bulgarian-populated area of
southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria. It also reincorporated into
Romania that portion of northern Transylvania granted to
Hungary in 1940 under German and Italian arbitration between
Romania and Hungary. In addition, the treaty required
substantial war reparations by Romania to the Soviet Union.
</p>
<p> Soviet occupation forces supported communist organizers,
while the non-communist political leaders were steadily
eliminated from political life. In March 1945, King Michael was
forced to appoint a communist-front government. The King
abdicated under pressure in December 1947, when the Romanian
Peoples Republic was declared. With their accession to power,
the communists effectively subordinated national Romanian
interests to those of the Soviet Union. Since the early 1960s,
however, there has been a resurgence of Romanian nationalism
and the emergence of several significant policy differences
between Romania and the Soviet Union. Under a new constitution
adopted in 1965, the name of the country was changed to the
Socialist Republic of Romania.
</p>
<p> In 1968, a sweeping reorganization of the administrative
structure and territorial division was carried out. The new
territorial division was reminiscent of that existing before the
imposition of the Soviet-style regime.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> The transition immediately after World War II from the
pro-German dictatorship of Ion Antonescu to the dictatorship of
Moscow-trained communists was rapid. After 1947, the new
government followed the Soviet example of agricultural
collectivization and forced industrialization accompanied by a
remodeling of the state along totalitarian communist lines.
</p>
<p> A general de-Russification of the country began in the early
1960s, as the Romanian leadership displayed increasing autonomy
from the Soviet Union in the control of its internal affairs,
following the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1958. The growth of
political nationalism was, at times, accompanied by some
relaxation of internal restrictions, with periodic amnesties
leading to the release of some political prisoners and reduced
sentences for others. A degree of liberality toward cultural
creativity was shown in the 1969-71 period. Beginning in the
mid-1960s, there was a marked increase in cultural relations
with the West, although, in absolute terms, the level remained
low and has since fallen back.
</p>
<p> Political leadership since the late 1950s has been stable.
Nicolae Ceausescu has been in office for more than two decades--party chief since 1965, Chief of State since December 1967,
and President of the Republic since 1974.
</p>
<p> An extensive internal security apparatus remains a dominant
influence on Romanian life. Restrictions on civil liberties and
basic freedoms are pervasive. Although the governments
nationalistic policies have been popular, recent years have seen
increasing manifestations of public discontent, as Romania's
economic policies and problems have taken a toll on the
country's standard of living. Recent years also had witnessed
growing pressure on the ethnic Hungarian and other minorities
to assimilate into the majority culture.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, June
1988.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>